Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It progresses through several stages and can have serious health consequences if left untreated.

The primary stage is characterized by painless sores or ulcers on or around the genitals, anus, or mouth. If not treated, syphilis can progress to the secondary stage, marked by skin rashes, mucous membrane lesions, and flu-like symptoms. Without proper medical intervention, it can enter a latent stage where there are no visible symptoms but the infection persists in the body. Finally, if syphilis remains untreated for many years, it can lead to severe complications, affecting the heart, brain, nerves, and other organs.

To diagnose syphilis, eNational combines treponemal testing (which detects antibodies produced in response to the Treponema pallidum bacterium) and nontreponemal testing (which detects nonspecific antibodies released by the body in response to infection), allowing for fewer false positives and false negatives.

Who should take this test?

This test is for anyone concerned about exposure to syphilis. If you are sexually active, getting tested for STIs is one of the most important things you can do to protect your own health and the health of others. Regular testing for syphilis allows for early detection, reducing the risk of complications and transmission to sexual partners.

The CDC recommends getting tested regularly for syphilis if you are sexually active and are a gay or bisexual man; have HIV; are taking pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention; or have partner(s) who have tested positive for syphilis.

What is included in this test?

This blood test screens for:

• Treponema pallidum antibodies
• Nonspecific antibodies (if RPR testing is used)

This syphilis screening cascade first tests for antibodies produced by the immune system in response to Treponema pallidum, the bacterium that causes syphilis. If antibodies are detected, a rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test will also be performed, which detects antibodies that react with substances called cardiolipins, which are found in cells and released into the bloodstream during a syphilis infection. If the RPR is positive, an RPR titer will be performed to provide more information about the stage of the disease. If the RPR is negative, a second treponemal test will be performed.

How will taking this test benefit me?

Syphilis is a treatable infection, especially in its early stages, but it can have very serious complications when left untreated. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for preventing the progression of the disease and its complications.